TRADE  WITH  UKRAINE 


Ukraine’s  Natural  Wealth,  Needs  and 
Commercial  Opportunities : 

The  Ukrainian  Co-operative  Societies  and 

Their  Influence 

By 

EMIL  REVYUK 


1920 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


OTHER  PAMPHLETS  PUBLISHED 

BY 

THE  FRIENDS  OF  UKRAINE 


1 .  Bolshevism  and  Ukraine.  Two  cents. 

2.  Ukraine,  Poland  and  Russia  and  the  Right  of  the 

Free  Disposition  of  Peoples.  By  S.  Shelukhin. 
Ten  cents. 

3.  Protest  of  the  Ukrainian  Republic  to  the  United 

States  Against  the  Delivery  of  Eastern  Galicia 
to  Polish  Domination.  Ten  cents. 

4.  The  Jewish  Pogroms  in  Ukraine.  By  Julian  Batchin- 

sky,  Israel  Zangwill  and  others.  Fifteen  cents. 

5.  What  About  Ukraine  ?  Three  editorials.  Five  cents. 

6.  Ukraine  and  Russia.  By  Woldemar  Timoshenko, 

Vice  Director  of  the  Economic  Institute  at  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Ukraine.  Ten  cents. 


Address  all  communications  to 

FRIENDS  OF  UKRAINE 

345  Munsey  Building  ::  ::  ::  Washington,  D.  C. 


Ukraine’s  Natural  Wealth,  Needs  and 
Commercial  Opportunities : 

The  Ukrainian  Co-operative  Societies  and 

Their  Influence 


By 

EMIL  REVYUK 


1920 

PUBLISHED  BY 

FRIENDS  OF  UKRAINE 
345  MUNSEY  BUILDING 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


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TRADE  WITH  UKRAINE 

What  commercial  opportunities  does  Ukraine  offer  to  Americans? 
That  is  a  question  which  is  occupying  the  thought  of  many  business 
men  at  the  present  moment. 

Ukraine  is  one  of  the  richest  countries  of  the  world.  It  has  coal 
and  iron  mines,  and  millions  of  acres  of  deep,  black  soil,  which  pro¬ 
duce  wheat,  barley,  rye,  oats,  sugar,  fruit  and  vegetables  in  abun¬ 
dance.  The  population  numbers  45,000,000,  including  a  minority 
of  foreigners,  and  inhabits  an  area  equal  to  that  of  France  and  Italy 
combined.  Until  the  break-up  of  the  old  Czarist  empire,  Ukraine 
was  incorporated  with  Russia.  But  a  score  of  influences  have  con¬ 
trived  to  keep  her  separate  in  political  feeling  and  trade  interests. 
The  Ukrainians,  though  sometimes  called  Little  Russians,  are  a  dis¬ 
tinct  race  from  the  Great  Russians.  They  have  their  own  language, 
literature  and  art.  Economically  they  form  a  self-supporting  unit. 
Their  physical  characteristics  are  different.  They  are  more  high- 
spirited,  more  restless  and  more  fond  of  music  and  the  arts.  Their 
speech  is  an  independent  tongue,  not  merely  a  dialect  of  the  Great 
Russian,  and  has  more  in  common  with  the  Serbian  than  with  any 
other  Slavonic  language. 

The  Ukrainians  declared  their  liberty  in  1917,  when  the  Bolsheviki 
carried  out  the  now  famous  coup  d’etat  in  Petrograd  and  Moscow. 
Previous  to  that  time,  Ukraine  had  been  working  for  political  au¬ 
tonomy,  but  expected  to  remain  within  an  all-Russian  federation. 
Kerensky’s  wavering*  policy  and  the  Bolsheviks  terrorism  discour¬ 
aged  the  hopes  of  such  a  union  of  states  and  taught  the  Ukrainians 
that  they  must  henceforth  make  their  way  alone.  Their  republic  has 
struggled  courageously  along  ever  since,  meeting  wTith  many  reverses, 
but  never  losing  heart.  It  has  been  obliged  to  fight  with  the  Bolshe¬ 
viki,  resist  Polish  aggression,  and  hold  off  the  reactionary  armies  of 
Denikin.  In  spite  of  these  great  handicaps,  it  has  made  gains.  The 
territory  which  it  controls  has  swelled  in  size,  and  the  government  set 
up  by  Petlura  has  found  the  opportunity,  in  spite  of  many  obstacles 
to  maintain  and  reorganize  its  army,  preserve  a  degree  of  law  and 
order,  and  advance  education. 


4 


Because  of  the  Allied  Blockade,  which  affected  Ukraine  as  much 
as  it  did  the  Bolshevik  parts  of  former  Russia,  the  Ukrainians  have 
been  cut  off  from  contact  with  Western  Europe  and  America.  The 
lifting  of  the  Blockade  permits  a  renewal  of  commerce  and,  in  view  of 
the  great  natural  wealth  of  Ukraine,  we  may  expect  before  long  to  see 
a  brisk  trade  carried  on  with  other  countries. 

Ukraine  A  Land  of  Great  Riches. 

The  productiveness  of  a  nation  is  today  more  than  ever  the  measure 
of  its  right  to  enter  into  international  trade  relations.  Ukraine 
possesses  this  qualification  to  a  remarkable  degree.  Following  the 
great  slump  in  European  money  and  the  chaotic  state  of  foreign 
exchange,  it  became  clear  that  the  countries  of  central  and  eastern 
Europe  would  only  rise  from  their  commercial  depression  when 
they  could  begin  producing  and  do  something  to  make  good  the 
vast  economic  waste  caused  by  the  war.  Most  of  the  peoples,  espe¬ 
cially  the  newly  created  governments,  are  suffering  from  industrial 
confusion  and  scarcity  of  resources.  Ukraine,  however,  is  actually 
ready,  in  spite  of  her  unsettled  politics  and  desperate  needs,  to 
furnish  certain  supplies  to  foreign  traders.  Mr.  Henry  Gr.  Alsberg, 
correspondent  of  the  Nation,  who  has  recently  been  in  Ukraine,  re¬ 
ports  that  the  government  now  has  at  its  disposal  20,000,000  bushels 
of  wheat  and  400,000,000  pounds  of  sugar,  to  say  nothing  of  hides, 
spirit,  and  other  materials. 

Newspaper  items  have  lately  appeared,  announcing  that,  because 
of  the  lifting  of  the  Blockade,  Russia  would  have  great  quantities 
of  cereals  and  other  foodstuffs  for  exportation.  This  intelligence 
has  often  been  followed  up  with  the  statement  that,  in  order  to  get 
these  things,  the  other  powers  will  have  to  enter  into  negotiations 
with  the  Soviet  government.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that  practi¬ 
cally  none  of  the  produce  referred  to  is  within  Soviet  Russia.  It 
is  in  Ukraine.  Russia  proper  has  flax,  furs,  etc.,  but  the  grain 
and  foods  upon  which  many  foreign  populations  are  relying,  are  on 
Ukrainian  soil  and  controlled  by  the  Ukrainian  government,  which  is 
republican  and  anti-Bolshevik.  It  is,  therefore,  a  source  of  wealth 
to  Ukraine  and  not  to  Soviet  Russia  at  all,  though,  to  be  sure,  the 
Bolsheviki  are  fighting  to  extend  their  sway  over  the  Ukrainians  and 
at  present  hold  a  large  number  of  important  cities  in  the  central 


5 


and  eastern  districts,  as  well  as  some  of  the  principal  railway  lines. 

Ukraine  has  foodstuffs,  minerals  and  other  raw  products,  and 
will  he  able  to  supply  them  in  increasing  quantities.  In  the  years 
before  the  war,  she  used  to  export  about  200,000,000  bushels  of 
wheat  annually.  Of  manufactured  goods  she  has  almost  none,  nor 
will  she  be  able  to  produce  many  on  home  soil  for  a  good  many  years 
to  come. 


Ukraine  Needs  Medicines  and  Clothing. 

The  things  most  urgently  required  by  the  Ukrainians  just  now 
are  medicines  and  clothing,  though  that  is  only  the  beginning  of 
their  needs. 

A  few  weeks  ago,  General  Petlura,  head  of  the  republican  gov¬ 
ernment,  wrote  a  friend  in  Paris: 

‘  ‘  Three-quarters  of  our  men  lack  shoes,  clothing,  everything ; 
but  their  spirit  is  not  impaired.  We  have  no  medicines ;  typhus 
decimates  our  army;  many  fighters  die  for  lack  of  medicines 
and  blankets  ...  We  have  had  no  aid  from  any  one: 
neither  munitions  nor  technical  apparatus,  nor  sanitary  pro¬ 
ducts,  nothing  ...  It  often  happens  that  our  soldiers  are 
without  cartridges.  Then  they  charge  with  the  bayonet  against 
the  Bolsheviks  .  .  .  We  have  had  rich  harvests  and  will  pay 

with  grain  whatever  is  necessary  to  succor  our  people,  smitten 
on  the  field  of  battle  or  exhausted  by  epidemics.” 

About  the  same  time,  the  Union  of  Ukrainian  Women  in  the  city  of 
Kamenetz-Podolsky  issued  the  following  appeal  to  the  women  of  the 

world : 

“We  have  no  medicine  to  cure  our  wounded  and  the  sick  ones 
who  are  dying  without  sanitary  aid  because  the  transports  of 
sanitary  material  into  Ukraine  have  been  forbidden.*  But  do 
not  think  we  are  asking  for  charity.  Our  state  is  rich  in  food. 
We  have  resources  with  which  to  pay.  We  only  ask  that  you 
may  raise  your  voices  before  your  governments,  demanding  ces¬ 
sation  of  the  Blockade  around  Ukraine,  which  prevents  trans¬ 
portation  of  medical  material,  so  necessary  to  us. 

*This  refers  to  the  Allied  Blockade,  which  isolated  Ukraine  as  completely  as 
Soviet  Bussia. 


COMPARISON  OF  THE  CHIEF  WHEAT-GROWING  NATIONS. 


6 


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Since  these  two  appeals  were  sent  out,  the  Blockade  has  been 
raised  but  the  medicines  and  drugs  referred  to  are  still  wanting. 

One  illustration  will  suffice  to  show  the  sort  of  thing  the  Ukrainians 
must  contend  with  in  combatting  the  typhus  plague  which  has  raged 
so  fiercely  in  Western  Ukraine,  and  is  now  said  to  be  spreading 
across  the  frontiers  to  the  populations  of  Silesia.  It  is  reported  that 
Neo-Salvarsan,  a  drug  which  is  considered  essential  in  fighting 
typhus,  has  been  costing  800  rubles  per  injection.  The  ruble  has 
fallen  very  low  in  exchange  value,  but  before  the  war  it  used  to 
be  worth  half  a  dollar,  and  it  still  means  half  a  dollar,  or  more,  to 
the  people  who  must  use  it  in  their  business  transactions.  When 
one  remembers  that  typhus  is  especially  prevalent  among  the  very 
poor,  the  absurdity  of  Neo-Salvarsan  at  $400  a  treatment  becomes 

painfully  apparent. 

Hospital  work  has  been  everywhere  hampered  because  of  the  lack  o 
disinfectants,  antiseptics,  bandages  and  fresh  linen.  There  are  not 
enough  beds  to  go  around,  nor  are  there  soaps,  toilet  articles,  dental 
goods  and  towels.  The  Ukrainian  Red  Cross  has  carried  on  its  work 
with  the  greatest  difficulty.  Since  before  the  time  of  its  organization 
early  in  1918,  the  importation  of  the  necessary  drugs  and  other  sup¬ 
plies  has  been  almost  wholly  precluded.  The  quantities  which  were 
stored  up  in  Ukrainian  warehouses  two  years  ago  have  been  bought  up 
or,  in  some  cases,  appropriated  outright  by  the  various  armies,  friendly 
and  unfriendly,  which  swept,  one  after  another,  across  the  country. 

Manufactured  Goods  are  Needed. 

The  sick  suffer  the  most,  but  the  masses  of  the  civilian  population 
are  also  in  sore  traits.  Because  they  could  not  get  any  shoes,  women 
and  children  have  had  to  go  about  in  freezing  weather  with  their 
feet  wrapped  in  rags.  If  they  only  had  the  machinery  to  equip 
shoe  factories  in  Ukrainian  cities,  they  would  be  able  to  make  the 
foot-wear  at  home,  for  they  have  plenty  of  hides  on  hand  and  rea¬ 
sonably  good  facilities  for  tanning  them.  But  they  have  no  shoe¬ 
making  machines.  As  for  cotton  and  woolen  clothing,  they  are 
still  worse  off,  for  they  have  neither  the  raw  material  nor  the  spin¬ 
ning  and  weaving  establishments.  The  farming  communities  suffer 
for  lack  of  plows,  reapers,  binders ;  in  fact,  every  sort  of  agricultura 
implement.  Among  the  articles  which  Ukraine  can  use  at  once  are 


8 


belting,  machine  oils  and  grease,  typewriters,  cash  registers,  sewing 
machines,  all  kinds  of  scales,  machine  tools,  kitchen  ntensils,  printing 
presses,  tractors,  and  the  necessary  machinery  for  road-building, 
mining,  brickmaking,  fruit,  vegetable  and  meat-packing,  sawmills, 
cotton  mills,  grain  mills,  woolen  mills,  knit-goods,  plumbing  works, 
foundries,  turning  mills,  woodworking,  electric  works,  pottery  works, 
and  leather  works.  This  is  by  no  means  a  complete  list.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  it  is  hardly  possible  to  mention  a  single  class  of  manufactured 
goods  in  general  use  which  the  Ukrainians  will  not  need  to  import. 

Ukraine’s  credit  is  her  large  agricultural  yield.  In  the  years 
to  come,  her  financial  stability  will  grow.  American  business  men 
need  to  realize  this,  and  should  not  acquire  the  feeling  that  trade 
with  Ukraine  offers  an  opportune  for  suddenly  making  fortunes. 
On  the  contrary,  it  will  take  time  and  study  to  build  up  a  solid  basis 
of  Ukrainian- American  commerce.  Business  houses  which  are  willing 
to  look  to  the  future  will  find  that  they  can,  by  degrees,  build  up 
substantial  and  profitable  trade  relations. 

Co-operative  Societies  Are  Trade  Agencies . 

With  whom  shall  American  business  firms  carry  on  negotiations 
in  Ukraine? 

This  is  the  first  question  the  business  men  will  ask.  Knowing 
that  the  old  commercial  class  of  Russia  has  disappeared  or  become 
impoverished  in  the  chaos  of  foreign  invasions  and  civil  strife,  he 
is  likely  to  feel  somewhat  confounded.  Of  course,  he  may  look 
toward  the  new  governments  established  on  Russian  soil,  as  prospective 
customers.  But  whoever  knows  the  problems  of  these  administrations 
can  hardly  expect  that  the  entire  commerce,  even  the  entire  foreign 
commerce,  can  be  efficiently  handled  through  them.  In  other  words 
a  large  portion  of  the  prospective  trade  with  Ukraine  must  for  the 
present  pass  through  other  channels  than  those  directly  provided  by 
the  Ukrainian  government. 

The  natural  agencies  equipped  to  act  in  this  capacity  are  the 
Ukrainian  co-operative  societies.  They  will  be  the  main  carriers 
of  business,  and  the  chief  factors  in  the  economic  reconstruction  of 
Ukraine.  Anyone  who  expects  to  interest  himself  in  the  future 
development  of  this  great  country  must  familiarize  himself  with  their 
system. 


9 


The  co-operative  organizations  of  Ukraine  have  a  very  long  his¬ 
tory.  Even  when  the  Ukrainian  peasants  were  conducting  their 
farming  in  a  highly  unscientific  fashion,  co-operation  already  existed, 
though  in  a  primitive  form.  Whenever  a  man  had  to  perform  a  task 
surpassing  his  own  ability  and  requiring  the  assistance  of  a  con¬ 
siderable  number  of  workers,  he  called  upon  his  neighbors  and  co- 
villagers.  On  an  appointed  day,  which  was  usually  Sunday  or  a 
holiday  (when  it  was  looked  upon  as  sinful  for  a  man  to  work  for 
himself)  the  peasants  gathered  in  a  band  to  raise  the  barn,  build 
the  house  or  plow  the  land.  The  only  reward  they  received  for  such 
help,  demanding  as  a  rule  very  strenuous  exertion,  was  the  sumptuous 
repast  prepared  by  the  women  while  the  men  were  working.  Such 
group  effort  will  remind  every  student  of  American  history  of  the 
way  in  which  the  New  England  colonists  used  to  launch  their 
ships.  There  are  survivals  of  this  simple  type  of  co-operation  in 
Ukraine  today. 

The  complex  nature  of  modem  industry  has  made  necessary 
a  considerable  development  in  Ukrainian  co-operative  methods.  To¬ 
gether  with  the  rest  of  the  former  Russian  empire,  Ukraine  entered 
the  stage  of  capitalistic  organization  very  late.  Her  co-operative 
enterprises,  in  their  present  form,  are  of  recent  origin.  Since  the 
outbreak  of  the  world  war,  they  have  grown  to  very  great  proportions. 
Some  idea  of  the  degree  to  which  the  system  permeated  Ukrainian 
business  life,  even  before  that,  can  be  gained  from  the  following 
figures,  which  represent  the  situation  us  it  was  on  January  1,  1914. 


The  Number  of 


The  Total 

The 

Number 

A 

of  Co- 

Con- 

The  Country 

operatives 

sumers 

1.  Ukraine 

6,510 

3,075 

2.  European  Russia 

15,092 

4,407 

3.  Poland 

3,450 

1,366 

4.  Caucasus 

1,209 

237 

5.  Siberia 

1,926 

865 

6.  Asiatic  Russia 

863 

130 

TOTAL 

29,060 

10,080 

Percentage  of  Ukraine 
in  proportion  to  en¬ 
tire  Russia  22%  31% 


Number  of  Inhabitants 


sociatio 

ns 

In 

Per  One 

Agri- 

Country  Co-operative 

Credit 

cultural 

by  Millions 

Society 

2,370 

992 

31.5 

4,839 

7,300 

3,458 

94.5 

6,262 

863 

1,230 

13.0 

3,757 

894 

128 

12.3 

10,173 

932 

129 

9.5 

4,932 

686 

47 

11.2 

13,000 

12,995 

5,985 

175.0 

19% 

17% 

18% 

OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  IRON  ORE  PRODUCING  NATIONS. 


10 


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ofessor  Feschenko-Chopivsky. 


11 


'  This  development  was  reached  by  the  Ukrainian  co-operative  bodies 
in  the  face  of  the  stubborn  opposition  of  the  Czarist  Government. 
The  old  Royalists  who  encircled  the  Czar*  always  looked  with  dis¬ 
trust  upon  movements  which  initiated  with  the  people.  They  dis¬ 
couraged  and  blocked  them  in  every  possible  way.  Now  that  the  Revo¬ 
lution,  has  removed  all  the  restrictions  built  up  by  the  old  regime, 
there  exists  in  Ukraine  hardly  a  village  which  does  not  possess  a 
co-operative  venture  of  some  sort.  Ukrainian  co-operation  has  there¬ 
fore  grown  into  a  many-sided  movement,  influencing  every  phase  of 
economic  life. 

Co-operative  Banking  Highly  Developed . 

The  co-operative  movement  in  Ukraine  has  reached  its  greatest 
development  in  banking. 

The  first  steps  in  this  direction  were  taken  because  of  the  desire 
of  the  peasants  to  free  themselves  from  the  clutches  of  “loan  sharks,” 
who  preyed  upon  them.  The  situation  was  this.  In  the  spring 
months  the  small  farmers  usually  found  themselves  in  difficulties. 
They  had  sowed  out  all  their  grain,  and  were  waiting  for  the  new 
crops.  In  order  to  keep  their  heads  above  water  and  buy  the  sup¬ 
plies  which  they  needed,  they  often  resorted  to  the  village  usurers. 
These  individuals  made  a  practice  of  loaning  out  money  upon  terms 
which  were  almost  ruinous.  They  were  almost  equally  a  pest  to  the 
more  prosperous  farmers,  who  felt  the  need  of  developing  their 
holdings  more  extensively  and  therefore  borrowed  capital  in  order 
to  go  into  business  on  a  larger  scale.  In  this  way,  the  peasants,  both 
the  poor  and  the  moderately  well-to-do,  were  more  or  less  at  the 
mercy  of  usurers.  There  were  practically  no  banks  which  would 
lend  to  them.  The  banks  in  those  days  were  primarily  institutions  of 
credit  for  the  merchant,  manufacturer  and  great  landowner,  and  did 
not  lend  the  small  sums  of  money  needed  by  the  small  landowners, 
nor  upon  such  long  terms  as  were  convenient  for  that  class  of  bor¬ 
rowers. 

These  unfortunate  conditions  awoke  the  more  progressive  peasants 
of  Ukraine  to  a  realization  that  the  necessary  credit  facilities  could 
be  furnished  only  by  organizing  the  small  landowners  and  making  the 
members  of  each  association  jointly  and  severally  liable  for  the 
debts  of  each  and  every  member.  These  new  bodies  defied  the  village 


THE  NEW  MAP 
OF  EUROPE 

APPROXIMATE  BOUNDARIES  OF  PEOPLES 


HERBERT  ADOLPHUS  MILLER 
1918 


SLAVS  IN  STRAIGHT  LINES 
LATINS -EMESS 


fORMER  EMPIRE  OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 


UKRAINE 

AREA:  330,000  square 

miles. 

POPULATION 

45,000,000. 

FORM  OF  GOVERN¬ 
MENT:  Republic. 

ESTABLISHED:  1917. 

CAPITAL  CITY:  Kiev. 


©  NlS  0*  M000ERT  AOOLPHUJ  KILLEB 


oa 


JERUSALEM 


14 


usurer  and  sought  to  bring  together  the  small  lender  and  the  small 
borrower.  They  were,  in  fact,  saving-and-loan  societies.  The  first 
of  them  sprang  up  in  Ukraine  during  the  seventies  of  the  last  century, 
but  their  development  was  rather  slow  because  of  the  limited  re¬ 
sources  of  their  members. 

In  1895,  a  new  basis  for  co-operative  banking  was  provided  by  the 
empire.  A  system  was  sanctioned  whereby  the  the  State  Bank  of 
Russia  and  the  credit  departments  of  the  “zemstvos”  (the  autono¬ 
mous  district  bodies)  could  furnish  the  peasant  co-operatives  with  the 
credit  which  they  needed.  Thus  arose  a  new  form  of  co-operative, 
depending  for  credit  not  upon  its  membership  but  upon  public  insti¬ 
tutions.  A  sort  of  competition  was  inaugurated  between  the  state 
and  the  zemstvos,  each  anxious  to  emulate  the  other  in  the  number 
of  co-operatives  dependent  upon  it  for  support. 

In  the  years  that  followed,  Ukrainian  co-operative  banking  de¬ 
veloped  very  fast.  In  1901,  the  province  of  Kiev  possessed  only  8 
banking  co-operatives.  In  1912,  there  were  198,  and  approximately 
one-fifth  of  the  population  was  served  by  these  organizations.  The 
same  rapid  strides  were  made  in  other  provinces. 

Effect  of  War  on  the  Co-operative  Banks . 

The  outbreak  of  the  world  war  changed  the  condition  of  the  peas¬ 
antry.  They  began  to  find  themselves  in  possession  of  plenty  of  money, 
realized  from  the  sale  of  various  commodities  to  the  armies.  The 
prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  kept  them  from  spending  too  much. 
The  lack  of  labor  hindered  them  from  putting  the  surplus  into  the 
development  of  their  farms.  As  a  result,  they  turned  a  great  deal  of 
their  earnings  over  to  the  co-operative  banks.  According  to  the  report 
dated  October  1,  1915,  there  were  in  Ukraine  2,914  such  associations, 
with  a  total  membership  of  2,084,053  persons,  167,777,778  hrivnyas* 
of  deposits  and  a  volume  of  business  amounting  to  359,230,778 
hrivnyas.  As  compared  with  the  entire  Russian  empire,  in  which  the 
Ukrainians  constituted  18%  of  the  population,  these  figures  repre¬ 
sent  19%  of  the  number  of  co-operatives,  20%  of  the  total  member¬ 
ship,  18%  of  deposits,  and  21%  of  the  volume  of  business. 

Even  before  the  war,  there  had  been  a  movement  to  federate  the 

*Hrivnya:  the  monetary  unit  of  the  Ukrainian  People’s  Republic,  equal  in 
value  to  about  25  cents. 


COMPARISON  OF  THE  CHIEF  CATTLE-RAISING  NATIONS. 


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16 


co-operative  banks.  In  1905,  the  beginnings  of  civic  freedom  granted 
in  the  first  Russian  revolution  offered  these  banks  a  chance  to  free 
themselves  somewhat  from  their  dependency  upon  the  State  Bank  and 
the  zemstvos.  Seven  such  co-operative  credit  federations  were  soon 
formed  in  Ukraine.  The  largest  of  these  was  at  Kiev.  The  Kiev 
federation  grew  enormously  during  the  war.  On  January  1,  1913, 
its  volume  of  business  was  2,390,000  hrivnyas.  On  January  1,  1918, 
it  had  reached  160,000,000  hrivnyas. 

At  the  same  time,  the  Co-operative  Credit  Federation  of  Kharkov 
had  a  volume  of  business  amounting  to  70,000,000  hrivnyas,  and  that 
of  Poltava  about  30,000,000  hrivnyas. 

The  revolution  of  1917  gave  these  federations  their  long-awaited 
opportunity  to  establish  one  great  central  bank :  the  Bank  of  Ukraine. 
As  early  as  1911,  they  had  appealed  to  the  Russian  government  for 
permission  to  found  such  an  institution  in  Kiev.  The  government, 
however  kept  silence  for  six  years,  withholding  its  permission.  When 
the  old  bureaucracy  was  overthrown,  the  way  was  clear  for  the 
Bank  of  Ukraine.  By  November  1,  1918,  it  had  a  membership  of 
124  co-operative  credit  federations,  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of 
34,122,800  hrivnyas,  and  a  volume  of  business  reaching  93,360,800 
hrivnyas. 


Co-operative  Banks  Flay  Double  Bole . 

This  net-work  of  co-operative  banking  associations  culminating 
in  the  bank  of  Ukraine  at  Kiev,  will  become  a  factor  of  prime  impor¬ 
tance  in  Ukrainian  foreign  trade:  (1)  by  bringing  the  peasants 
and  larger  landowners  in  touch  with  foreign  capital  seeking  invest¬ 
ment  in  Ukraine,  and  (2)  by  actually  undertaking  to  distribute  to 
them  and  furnish  them  against  credit  agricultural  machinery,  live¬ 
stock,  fertilizers,  seeds,  tools,  building  materials  and  all  kinds  of 
manufactured  goods. 

The  first  service  will  be  of  great  value  during  the  period  of  re¬ 
construction.  The  Ukrainian  peasantry  will  need  a  great  amount  of 
capital  to  rebuild  their  country,  crippled  by  a  long  war  and  devas¬ 
tated  by  several  foreign  invasions.  The  credit  co-operatives,  stand¬ 
ing,  as  they  do,  closest  to  the  peasant,  will  be  called  upon  to  furnish 
the  necessary  financial  backing.  Even  should  the  Ukrainian  govern¬ 
ment  offer  its  help  in  a  large  way,  the  credit  co-operatives,  with 


their  knowledge  of  the  personal  character  of  the  borrowers,  will  be 
called  upon  to  act  as  chief  agents  in  the  distribution  of  credit. 

The  second  function  is  of  even  greater  significance  just  now.  In 
1918,  the  Bank  of  Ukraine  bought  at  wholesale  prices  and  resold 
immediately  goods  to  the  aggregate  value  of  88,000,000  hrivnyas, 
and  received  orders  to  the  amount  of  152,000,000  hrivnyas.  It  has 
also  conducted  the  reverse  commercial  operations,  taking  goods  from 
its  members,  granting  them  credit  against  these  goods,  and  selling 
them  on  account  of  the  co-operators. 

The  chief  object  of  commercial  operations  of  this  last  sort  is  the 
staple  product  of  the  black  earth  belt ;  i.  e.,  grain.  The  whole  system 
of  elevator  co-operatives  started  from  very  small  beginnings.  By 
this  method,  the  peasants  wTere  saved  the  losses  occasioned  by  the 
practice  of  selling  grain  to  large  dealers,  who  often  enjoyed  a  posi¬ 
tion  of  natural  monopoly,  and  also  the  need  of  disposing  of  their 
crops  immediately  after  the  harvest  when  the  market  was  glutted 
and  prices  low.  Gradually  the  arrangement  came  to  be  the  char¬ 
acteristic  procedure,  and  elevators  were  built  all  over  Ukraine.  At 
the  present  time,  the  Ukrainian  co-operatives  possess  elevator  facili¬ 
ties  having  a  capacity  of  many  millions  of  bushels. 

Similar  assistance  was  furnished  by  the  credit  co-operatives  in 
marketing  sugar-beets,  cattle,  fruits  and  the  products  of  household 
industry.  To  carry  on  this  great  trade,  the  Bank  of  Ukraine  has 
opened  thirteen  branch  offices  in  various  cities  of  Europe  and  plans 
to  install  new  offices  in  Galicia,  Crimea  and  the  United  States, 

The  banks  are  not  the  only  co-operative  organizations  doing  a  large 
business.  In  many  cases,  commercial  activities  have  been  detached 
from  purely  banking  transactions,  and  special  societies  have  been 
created  to  perform  the  functions  of  the  middleman.  One  group 
of  this  sort  distributes  to  peasants  of  small  means  the  machinery, 
tools,  seeds,  etc.,  which  they  require.  Others  act  as  selling  agents, 
disposing  of  grain,  sugar-beets,  etc.  A  few  organizations  of  this 
type  combine  both  functions. 

C onsamers’  Associations  Are  Active. 

Wholly  independent  of  the  banks  and  marketing  associations  are 
the  consumers’  co-operative  organizations.  There  are  about  10,000 
of  these  in  Ukraine,  and  they  have  a  membership  of  12,000,000. 


18 


Taking  into  consideration  the  fact  that  such  a  society  will  serve 
a  whole  family  if  one  of  them  belongs  to  the  organization,  we  are 
safe  in  concluding  that  the  bulk  of  Ukraine’s  population  is  reached 
by  their  system.  They  differ  from  the  banking  co-operatives  in 
purpose  and  method.  The  object  of  the  banks  is  to  afford  credit 
facilities.  That  of  the  consumers’  organizations  is  to  reduce  the 
cost  of  living.  The  bank,  with  its  commercial  activities,  has  served 
the  more  prosperous  farmers,  who  are  anxious  to  improve  their 
land  and  agricultural  methods.  The  consumers’  societies  have  ap¬ 
pealed  primarily  to  the  poorest  elements  of  the  Ukrainian  population. 

The  idea  of  the  consumers’  associations  did  not  originate  in 
Ukraine.  It  was  imported  from  Western  Europe.  For  a  long  time 
they  were  looked  upon  with  a  certain  degree  of  mistrust  by  many  of 
the  peasants.  It  was  only  in  1906,  after  the  first  Russian  revolu¬ 
tion,  that  the  poorer  classes  suddenly  realized  that  they  must  some¬ 
how  band  together  in  order  to  reduce  the  cost  of  the  necessities  of 
life.  As  they  looked  into  the  matter  more  closely,  they  found  the 
idea  of  the  consumers’  societies  a  very  persuasive  one.  The  prin¬ 
ciple  behind  them  is  simple :  to  eliminate  the  profits  of  the  middleman. 
These  profits  used  to  be  mercilessly  high  in  Ukraine.  Moreover, 
the  consumer  often  suffered  from  dishonest  weight  and  measure.  In 
fact,  the  village  store  and  the  village  usurer  often  worked  hand  in 
hand,  and  the  movement  against  unscrupulous  middleman  spread 
and  kept  pace  with  that  against  the  “loan  sharks.” 

Barter  Substituted  for  Money  Exchange. 

By  providing  a  system  of  barter  of  a  rather  primitive  sort,  the 
consumers’  associations  have  helped  to  keep  trade  alive,  in  spite  of 
the  chaotic  situation  created  by  the  welter  of  depreciated  and  unre¬ 
deemable  paper  currencies.  In  many  localities,  the  peasants  did  not 
care  to  organize  special  marketing  societies,  but  preferred  to  charge 
existing  organizations  with  that  function.  The  process  began  in  a 
small  way,  when  a  few  farmers  found  it  more  convenient  to  pay 
their  co-operative  store  with  agricultural  products  than  with  actual 
cash.  Gradually  it  grew  in  favor,  and  it  became  a  regular  custom 
with  many  to  take  from  the  co-operative  society  small  iron  imple¬ 
ments,  clothing,  southern  fruits,  shoes,  etc.,  and  offer  in  return  the 
eggs,  poultry,  grains,  vegetables  and  fruits  from  their  own  lands. 


COMPARISON  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  COAL-PRODUCING  NATIONS. 


19 


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The  Figures  represent  Russian  poods,  and  are  taken  from  data  prepared  for  1913 

by  Professor  Feschenko-Chopivsky. 


20 


This  imposed  upon  the  consumers’  associations  the  responsibility  of 
taking  these  agricultural  products  to  the  nearest  market,  but  it  was 
one  which  they  were  able  to  cope  with.  In  this  manner,  the  use  of 
money  was  eliminated,  no  currency  of  any  sort  being  taken  or  given, 
though  it  figured  in  the  accounts  as  a  measure  of  exchange.  All 
business  transactions  were  completed  by  mere  settlements  on  paper, 
and  the  debit  account  of  each  person  was  carefully  squared  with  his 
credit  account,  before  the  deal  was  ended.  This  extremely  simple 
bartering  arrangement  has  certainly  saved  the  Ukrainian  peasants 
a  great  deal  of  misery  which  is  apt  to  follow  in  the  wake  of  a 
depreciated  currency,  with  its  concomitant  speculation,  undeserved 
enrichment  of  sharpers  and  business  failures. 

Like  the  banks,  the  consumers’  co-operatives  have  grouped  them¬ 
selves  into  district  federations,  and  these  have  further  consolidated 
into  a  central  body,  known  as  the  “  Dnipro-Soyuz  ”  or  Dnieper  Union. 
This  body  experienced  a  phenomenal  growth  and  soon  attained  a  posi¬ 
tion  of  great  influence.  On  November  1,  1918,  it  embraced  69  dis¬ 
trict  federations,  represented  a  volume  of  business  of  56,421,200 
hrivnyas  and  had  a  capital  of  2,710,000  hrivnyas.  It  achieved  this 
prominence  in  the  very  face  of  hostile  invasions  from  the  west, 
south  and  north. 

In  order  to  meet  the  constant  demand  of  its  members  for  certain 
staple  commodities,  the  Dnieper  Union  has  embarked  upon  several 
manufacturing  ventures.  It  has  opened  factories  for  soap,  linen, 
textiles  and  shoes.  Its  central  offices  at  Kiev  employ  over  300  individ¬ 
uals.  Branches  have  been  established  at  Kharkov  and  Odessa,  and 
headquarters  are  now  being  opened  in  England,  France,  Switzerland 
and  other  foreign  countries.  A  branch  is  shortly  to  be  founded  in 
the  United  States, 

Agricultural  Co-operative  Societies  Form  Third  Group. 

A  third  class  of  co-operative  societies  includes  those  which  have  for 
their  object  the  development  and  exploitation  of  various  products  of 
small  farming.  These  tend  either  to  prevent  the  exorbitant  charges 
made  to  a  farmer  for  necessary  work,  as  in  the  case  of  the  oldest 
co-operation  of  this  sort :  viz,  the  flour  mills,  or  to  eliminate  the 
middleman,  whose  power  may  become  too  burdensome,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  co-operative  dairies.  In  1915,  there  were  over  a  thousand 


21 


such  organizations.  Their  central  association  is  called  the  Central 
Ukrainian  Federation  of  Agricultural  Societies.  On  October  1,  1918, 
the  balance  on  their  books  amounted  to  22,400,000  hrivnyas.  The 
affiliated  local  federations  number  31,  and  there  are  213  co-operative 
societies.  Not  long  ago,  they  purchased  a  large  factory  at  Odessa, 
for  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  machinery  and  iron  utensils. 

Workers’  Production  Societies. 

There  is  still  another  group  of  co-operative  associations  in  Ukraine 
today:  the  workers’  production  organizations.  They  are  quite  dif¬ 
ferent  from  any  of  the  co-operative  societies  that  have  yet  been 
mentioned.  The  banks,  the  consumers’  associations,  and  the  agri¬ 
cultural  co-operatives  aim  at  a  more  efficient  production  and  the 
elimination  of  the  middleman’s  profits  in  marketing.  They  are  as 
a  rule,  very  similar  to  ordinary  capitalistic  enterprises,  and  do  not 
contemplate  any  radical  change  in  industrial  systems.  The  produc¬ 
tion  co-operatives  of  the  workingmen  have,  however,  an  original 
social-economic  ideal.  Dissatisfied  with  their  relation  to  the  enter¬ 
prise  and  its  organizer,  the  master  or  employer,  the  workers  do  not 
endeavor  to  reform  these  relations,  but  to  abolish  them  altogether. 
They  attempt  to  do  away  with  the  wage  system  by  becoming  at  one 
and  the  same  time  capitalists  and  laborers.  The  poor  development 
of  many  enterprises  in  the  former  Russian  empire  offered  a  tremen¬ 
dous  field  for  these  co-operative  activities,  especially  in  those  branches 
which  do  not  anticipate  large-scale  production,  but  do  require  the 
labor  of  a  great  number  of  skilled  workers.  The  greatest  success  has 
naturally  been  attained  by  the  co-operatives  which  need  little  capital. 
Where  more  capital  is  demanded,  it  has  sometimes  been  borrowed 
from  outsiders.  This  has  been  the  case  with  the  fishing  “arteli” 
of  the  Black  Sea,  which  are  organized  in  the  fashion  described.  This 
type  of  venture  should  not  be  confused  with  the  labor  union,  nor  with 
communism.  It  is  merely  co-operative  production,  in  the  strictest 
sense  of  the  expression. 

A  Pan-Ukrainian  Federation. 

Though  it  does  not  bear  specifically  on  the  matter  of  foreign  trade, 
it  is  impossible  to  treat  the  Ukrainian  co-operative  societies  without 
noticing  that  they  have  always  been  inspired  by  high  social  ideals, 


22 


quite  apart  from  the  purely  materialistic  considerations  of  economic 
self-interest.  They  have  interested  themselves  always  in  the  promotion 
of  Ukrainian  culture  and  the  spread  of  education.  Their  program  of 
enlightenment  was  formulated  at  the  meeting  of  the  first  Pan- 
Ukrainian  Co-operative  Congress,  held  in  Kiev  in  June,  1917.  The 
result  of  this  convention  was  the  foundation  of  the  so-called  Central 
Federation  of  Ukrainian  Co-operatives,  the  supreme  legislative  body 
of  the  Ukrainian  co-operative  movement.  Thus  was  completed  the 
work  of  centralizing  the  entire  system.  The  Central  Co-operative 
Council  is  the  main  deliberative  body,  and  the  so-called  Central  Com¬ 
mittee  is  the  main  connecting  link  between  the  legislative  and  execu¬ 
tive  branches  of  the  organization.  This  Committee  is  composed  of  the 
following  departments;  (1)  a  legal  department,  (2)  a  statistical 
department,  (3)  a  bureau  of  labor,  (4)  a  bureau  of  press,  (5)  a  de¬ 
partment  of  museums  and  libraries,  and  (6)  a  department  of  publica¬ 
tions.  It  issues  a  monthly  magazine  called  “Ukrainian  Co-opera¬ 
tion”  which  was  at  first  edited  by  the  celebrated  Ukrainian  econ¬ 
omist,  the  late  Professor  Michael  Tuhan-Baranovsky,  and  a  semi¬ 
monthly  bulletin. 

Prospects  for  Trade  udth  Ukraine  are  Encouraging. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  economic  state  of  Ukraine,  the  co¬ 
operative  societies  constitute  a  fairly  perfect  machine  for  facilitating 
foreign  trade.  Their  organization  is  entirely  independent  of  that  of 
the  co-operative  societies  of  Soviet  Russia.  Dealing  with  them  will 
not  involve  the  foreign  merchant  or  manufacturer  in  any 
negotiations  with  communists  and  he  will  find  in  the  consumers’ 
associations  of  the  Dnieper  Union  a  system  of  ready  agencies  to 
market  his  commodities  of  every-day  use.  Should  he  offer  for  sale 
bulky  or  expensive  goods,  like  machinery,  he  can  work  through  the 
independent  buying  co-operatives  or  through  the  purchasing  depart¬ 
ments  of  the  co-operative  banks.  Should  the  merchant  desire 
goods  in  exchange  for  the  commodities  which  he  sends  into  Ukraine, 
he  can  obtain  them  through  the  barter  machinery  provided  by  the 
consumers’  co-operatives. 

The  future  of  trade  with  Ukraine  is  brilliant.  Other  nations  are 
already  laying  their  plans  to  participate  in  the  profitable  commerce 
which  is  sure  to  open  up  in  a  short  time.  If  America  desires  to  play 


23 


her  part,  American  business  men  must  immediately  consider  getting 
in  touch  with  the  Ukrainian  co-operative  associations.  The  war  has 
brought  about  a  tremendous  economic  reorganization  of  the  country. 
For  the  present,  the  turmoil  has  not  simmered  down.  This,  how¬ 
ever,  is  bound  to  come  before  long.  In  the  meantime,  manufacturers 
and  traders  who  are  genuinely  desirous  of  building  up  a  profitable 
commerce  with  this  wealthy  new  republic  will  reap  great  advantages 
if  they  are  willing  to  devote  time  and  energy  to  the  study  of  Ukraine ’s 
needs  and  her  great  exportable  wealth. 


COMPARISON  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  OIL-PRODUCING  NATIONS. 


24 


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o  o  o  o  o  o 

4->  4-3  4-3  43  4->  43 

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43  4-2  43  43 

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uo 


These  statistics  are  taken  from  data  prepared  by  Professor  Feschenko-Ckopivsky. 


r ;v 


